{"id":136,"date":"2016-06-20T17:02:42","date_gmt":"2016-06-20T17:02:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/?page_id=136"},"modified":"2016-06-21T18:08:11","modified_gmt":"2016-06-21T18:08:11","slug":"water-quality-hydrology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/water-quality-hydrology\/","title":{"rendered":"Water Quality and Hydrology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- Image of resource --><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"resource-image\" src=\"..\/wp-content\/images\/resources\/water quality and hydrology-GSL aerial 2.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- Initial Description or Introduction --><\/p>\n<p>Water quality and hydrology are two distinct but inherently related components of water. Hydrology characterizes the timing (when water is available), distribution, and flow of water across the human and natural landscape. Water quality describes the condition (physical, chemical, and biological) of water with respect to specific use, such as culinary water supply, aquatic wildlife, or agriculture. Water quality is highly affected by flow and timing with the poorest water quality occurring during low flow events.<\/p>\n<p>Related resource topics for county planning include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"..\/irrigation\/\" target=\"_blank\">Irrigation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"..\/water-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\">Water Rights<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"..\/flood-plains-river-terraces\/\" target=\"_blank\">Floodplains and River Terraces<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"..\/wetlands\/\" target=\"_blank\">Wetlands<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"omsc-accordion\">\n<p><!-- Map --><br \/>\n<div class=\"omsc-toggle omsc-expanded\"><div class=\"omsc-toggle-title\">Map of Data<\/div><div class=\"omsc-toggle-inner\" style=\"display:block\">\n<div class=\"invisible\">\n<table id=\"tablepress-64\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-64\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">url<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">useLayers<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">startVisible<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">rasterName<\/th><th class=\"column-5\">imageServer<\/th><th class=\"column-6\">resourceReference<\/th><th class=\"column-7\">DisplayOrder<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">http:\/\/services.nationalmap.gov\/arcgis\/rest\/services\/nhd\/MapServer<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">15,14,13,12,11,10,9,8,5,4,3,2,1<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">y,y,y,y,y,y,y,n,n,n,n,n,n<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td><td class=\"column-6\">ref-WaterQualityHydrology<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">http:\/\/gis.wfrc.org\/arcgis\/rest\/services\/CRMP\/Agriculture_Service\/MapServer<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Y<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Annual Precipitation<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td><td class=\"column-6\">ref-WaterQualityHydrology<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">http:\/\/services.nationalmap.gov\/arcgis\/rest\/services\/SGE\/StreamGages_Linked_to_NHDPlus_2_1\/MapServer<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0n<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">y<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td><td class=\"column-6\">ref-WaterQualityHydrology<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">http:\/\/services.arcgis.com\/ZzrwjTRez6FJiOq4\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/Snotel_Sites\/FeatureServer<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">n<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td><td class=\"column-6\">ref-WaterQualityHydrology<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">http:\/\/gis.wfrc.org\/arcgis\/rest\/services\/CRMP\/WeberCounty_Service\/MapServer<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5,6,7<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">n,n,n<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td><td class=\"column-6\">ref-WaterQualityHydrology<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">http:\/\/gis.wfrc.org\/arcgis\/rest\/services\/CRMP\/WaterQualityAndHydrology_Service\/MapServer<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">7,5,4,3,2,1<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">n,y,n,n,y,yn<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td><td class=\"column-6\">ref-WaterQualityHydrology<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-64 from cache --><\/div>\n<div id=\"mapArea\"><\/div>\n<p><script src=\"..\/wp-content\/maps\/js\/setupMap.min.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><br \/>\n<a title=\"undefined\" href=\"..\/wp-content\/mxds\/WaterQualityAndHydrology.zip\" target=\"_blank\">Download mxd<\/a> The\u00a0ESRI mxd file of the services used to create the above map.\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><!-- Resource Information --><br \/>\n<div class=\"omsc-toggle\"><div class=\"omsc-toggle-title\">Resource Information<\/div><div class=\"omsc-toggle-inner\">\n<div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim inside-accordion\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Hydrology<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>The hydrologic cycle describes movement of water on earth. Some of the processes by which water moves include: precipitation, infiltration (soil moisture and groundwater), and streamflow. In order to account for the distribution of water within a specific area, it is necessary to consider these processes. One of the units used to quantify and analyze water and its effects at a specific location is the watershed. A watershed, or drainage basin, is an area of land in which all water within drains to the same outlet. The five WFRC counties fall within three major watersheds terminating at the Great Salt Lake; Weber River, Jordan River, and Great Salt Lake watershed (Tooele County). Each major watershed has a hydrologic system of intermittent streams, perennial streams, rivers, and waterbodies delivering water from the highest slopes of the Wasatch Range to the Great Salt Lake.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of defining local hydrologic systems, spatial datasets from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) like the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) and the Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) are used to determine the location of watershed boundaries and surface water (rivers, lakes, and springs) in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Winter and spring snowfall is the principle source of surface water in this region. <a href=\"#ref\">[1]<\/a> Annual melting of high-elevation snowpack creates water runoff flows to refill reservoirs and recharge groundwater aquifers. Spring peak flows also support sediment transport, channel maintenance, and riparian vegetation. Spring rains provide a minor contribution to reservoir storage but are primarily important for postponing the timing of reservoir water use. Although thunderstorms may add flow, low flows or dry conditions generally occur in the late summer, which results in many water quality issues.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.usclimatedata.com\/climate\/utah\/united-states\/3214\" target=\"_blank\">US Climate Data<\/a> website to provide tabular annual climate data for most Utah cities. Regional climate information is produced by Oregon State University through <a href=\"http:\/\/www.prism.oregonstate.edu\/normals\/\" target=\"_blank\">PRISM<\/a>, which provides spatial data to map 30-Year Normal (1981-2010) precipitation, temperature, and other climate information. Stream gauges are also useful for instantaneous and historic river flow rates.<\/p>\n<p>As surface water enters and moves through a watershed, some portion of the water infiltrates into the ground and recharges aquifers. Groundwater enters aquifers through primary and secondary infiltration zones and naturally exits at discharge zones. Groundwater discharge at seeps and springs supports aquatic habitat and provides important stream input during dry months. Summer base flows are very important for aquatic species and support habitat for a wide variety of common and rare wildlife.<a href=\"#ref\">[2]<\/a> Groundwater pumped from aquifers is also a critical resource for culinary and agricultural water supplies.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Watershed boundary data (HU for Hydrological Unit) can be combined with the Annual Precipitation data to get an idea of the amount of water each watershed receives annually. The National Hydrology Datasets (NHD) of Flowline data, Waterbody data, Point data, etc. can be used to understand the path water travels in a watershed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/geology.utah.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\">Utah Geological Survey<\/a> (UGS) provides an aquifer data layer to aid groundwater studies by identifying generalized zones of recharge and discharge within various basins of the State. The data is compiled from previous\u00a0studies and includes much of the urbanized portions of the WFRC planning region.<\/p>\n<p>The groundwater program at UGS has many\u00a0other technical reports, maps, and articles available regarding groundwater resources and springs in Utah that will be\u00a0useful for county planners. The UGS groundwater program develops maps of groundwater resources under contracts with local governments. Reports and maps from these studies are available\u00a0on the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/geology.utah.gov\/resources\/groundwater\/#tab-id-3\" target=\"_blank\">groundwater program<\/a>\u00a0website or by purchase on CD-ROM.\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other county specific reports are available for download from the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">USGS Publications Warehouse<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Land use change and river channelization are two more components of hydrology pertinent to resource management plans. The landscape within the region is changing from rural to urban due to population growth and human development. As dominant land use transitions to urban, the total area of impervious surface increases. As farms and wildlands are converted into houses, roads, and other hard surfaces, water is prevented from infiltrating into the ground. This hardening of the landscape results in more water flowing overland during storm events and \u201cflashier\u201d stream responses with higher peak flows and shorter durations. To facilitate these flood events, natural riverways are often channelized and hardened resulting in changes to the natural river channel which affect riparian vegetation, wildlife habitat, and aquatic habitat.<\/p>\n<p>Another consideration for the WFRC region is that the hydrology supplying water to the Great Salt Lake has changed tremendously over the last 150 years, which has resulted in significant changes to the\u00a0lake. These hydrologic changes are driven by transitions in land use and affect both water quality and quantity entering the lake.<a href=\"#ref\">[3]<\/a> Among other efforts, the Great Salt Lake Advisory Council, Utah Division of Forestry, Fire, and State Lands, and other entities are developing an <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ffsl.utah.gov\/index.php\/state-lands\/great-salt-lake\/integrated-water-resources-model\" target=\"_blank\">integrated water resource model<\/a> to better forecast lake levels.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Water Quality<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Utah, water quality is regulated by the state based on the source of pollutants entering waterways, defined as either \u201cpoint source\u201d or \u201cnonpoint source\u201d pollution. Point sources (PS) discharge pollutants directly into a waterbody, usually through pipes or ditches originating from industries or waste treatment plants. Nonpoint sources (NPS) are pollution sources that do not originate from distinct locations and tend to vary in time and space. Nonpoint source pollution occurs when runoff from rainfall or snowmelt picks up pollutants from the human and natural landscape and transports them indirectly to a waterbody.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are several datasets (Monitoring Sites, Gage sites, Assessment units, etc.) that the county can use to understand where and how water quality is monitored.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common water quality characteristics include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conductivity. A measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current. It is dependent on the amount of dissolved solids in the water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dissolved oxygen. A measure of the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. Water&#8217;s capacity to carry dissolved oxygen (DO) is inversely related to temperature; as temperature increases, DO decreases. Fish and other aquatic organisms require DO respiration. If dissolved oxygen levels are too low, populations of aquatic organisms can be severely impacted.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrients. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.deq.utah.gov\/FactSheets\/docs\/handouts\/nutrients.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrients<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are essential for plant and animal growth and nourishment. However, excessive nutrients from human sources become problematic when they over accumulate and can cause adverse effects within waterbodies. Nutrient-fed algal blooms can consume oxygen used by other aquatic organism, produce toxins which can harm livestock and humans, or contaminate recreational waters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pH. A measure of how acidic\/basic water is, pH is used as an indicator of chemical changes in the water. As a side note, some streams in Utah tend to have slightly higher pH because of their limestone substrates. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suspended sediment. The amount of sediment moving with along with a stream suspended in the water column. This depends partly on water flow; fast-flowing water can move more sediment than slow-flowing water. This measurement also depends on the amount of fine sediments available to transport.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water temperature. Changes in water temperature can impact aquatic organisms, as well as humans (e.g., recreational and industrial uses). Water temperature also affects DO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as temperature increases, water\u2019s capacity to dissolve oxygen decreases. \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Turbidity. A measure of the amount of particulate matter that is suspended in water. Turbidity measures the scattering effect that suspended solids have on light entering the water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Point Source Pollution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Point source pollution originates from a distinct business, operation, or other specific location. Point source pollutants are highly regulated under the Clean Water Act of 1972 and Water Quality Act of 1987 through the issuance of permits and possible fines if permit requirements are not met.The United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issues discharge permits within the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). In Utah, the State was granted primacy by EPA to manage the NPDES permitting program as the Utah Pollution Discharge and Elimination System (UPDES) and is operated by the Utah Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Division of Water Quality (DWQ). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NPDES permits are required for the following operations and activities:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animal feeding operations*<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Industrial wastewater<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Municipal wastewater<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pesticide applications<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stormwater<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Construction activities<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Industrial activities<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Municipal and transportation sources<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forest Roads (pending)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">* <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Clean Water Act explicitly excludes agricultural runoff and irrigation return flow as point source pollution.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nonpoint Source Pollution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nonpoint source pollution originates from a variety of dispersed sources, such as parking lots, roadways, residential landscaping, agricultural operations, stream bank erosion, fire scars, and many other sources. Once mobilized, these pollutants enter streams, waterbodies, wetlands, and groundwater. Because of its complex nature, NPS pollution is not regulated through permitting under the Clean Water Act. Instead, NPS pollution is managed in Utah by the Division of Water Quality through voluntary and incentivized actions of individual landowners. The Water Quality Act requires states to prepare NPS pollution assessment reports and includes provisions for federal funding for implementing NPS management.<a href=\"#ref\">[4]<\/a> In some cases local governments have established development codes to compel actions to reduce NPS. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common NPS pollutants and sources include the following: <a href=\"#ref\">[5]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides from residential and agricultural areas <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oil, grease, and other toxic chemicals from roadways and parking lots<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sediment from construction areas and roadways<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salts from roadways and agricultural areas<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acid drainage from abandoned mines<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria and nutrients from septic systems, pet waste, and livestock<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to the diffuse nature of NPS pollution, the Division of Water Quality uses water quality data in streams and lakes to determine levels of pollution within a watershed. The Utah Division of Environmental Quality collects water quality monitoring data to determine if a waterbody supports its designated beneficial uses and meets water quality standards. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A statewide assessment report, called the Integrated Report, is produced by the Division of Water Quality every other year. This report summarizes overall surface water conditions, estimates the importance of key water quality concerns, identifies impaired waterbodies, and helps agencies prioritize resource needs.<a href=\"#ref\">[4]<\/a> This report also helps in the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL), which is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can have while still meeting water quality standards and required for impaired waterbodies. Data for assessed waters in Utah is public and can be found in the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/enviro.deq.utah.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Environmental Interactive Map application<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Water quality data is divided by waters with no impairments, waters with no evidence of impairment, waters with insufficient data, impaired waters with a TMDL, and impaired waters that need a TMDL.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A hydrological asset network map was also created for the Wasatch front region as part of the Wasatch Front Green Infrastructure Plan in order to protect and enhance water resources by identifying prioritization areas when it comes to management actions and restoration projects. <a href=\"#ref\">[6]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other sources of water quality and quantity data include the<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/waterdata.usgs.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> USGS National Water Information System<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (NWIS), and other monitoring programs from agencies like <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/cdo-web\/datasets\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NOAA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the EPA (STORET). The State of Utah stores and manages its own water quality data on the Ambient Water Quality Monitoring System (AWQMS database).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><!-- Best Management Practices --><br \/>\n<div class=\"omsc-toggle\"><div class=\"omsc-toggle-title\">Best Management Practices<\/div><div class=\"omsc-toggle-inner\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate best management practices (BMPs) to prevent water pollution are extremely varied and depend on the specific land use context in which they apply. BMPs are the primary methods used to control NPS pollution. Other guidelines for BMPs specific to water resources within the Wasatch Front area have been developed by various organizations. Many of these guidelines are focused on practices that slow runoff and create filters to prevent pollutants from entering waterbodies or aquifers. <a href=\"#ref\">[7, 8, 9, 10]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agriculture<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintain conservation tillage and crop residues after crop harvest to maintain cover \u00a0and stabilize soil<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manage fertilizer application to minimize transport of nutrients away from desired targets<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manage pesticide applications to minimize transport of chemicals away from desired targets<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conservation buffers around stream channels and waterbodies<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Irrigation efficiency to reduce erosion<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Erosion and Sediment control to prevent sediment entering stream channels and waterbodies<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Safe storage and handling of fertilizer, pesticides, and petroleum<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animal Operations<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control runoff<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proper <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/extension.usu.edu\/waterquality\/files\/uploads\/BMP\/checklist_lotandstorage.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">waste storage <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and confinement<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proper <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/extension.usu.edu\/waterquality\/files\/uploads\/BMP\/checklist_nutrient.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nutrient management<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through Nutrient Management Plans (NMP)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enable UPDES permits to medium and large confined animal operations<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grazing<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control grazing intensity to maintain cover and protect the soil<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manage grazing in the riparian zone to minimize streambank damage, overgrazing, and animal waste<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Stormwater <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Construction Sites \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preserve existing vegetation wherever possible<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Construction phasing to prevent widespread disturbance of vegetation and soils<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use sediment traps at construction entrances to remove sediment from vehicle tires<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Install silt fences or coir fiber roll to trap sediment<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another useful BMP is redirecting water away from site.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Industrial and Municipals Sites<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vehicle cleaning with drainage to sanitary sewer<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detention\/retention\/infiltration basins<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storm drain inlet protection<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimize storm water drainage<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fugitive dust suppression<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secondary Containment<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Residential Areas<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintain vegetative ground cover and mulch to minimize storm water drainage<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water and sediment containment basins<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pet waste ordinance<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Street cleaning<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use fertilizer and pesticides at appropriate time and amounts<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Education to prevent people from dumping substances into storm drains<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forest Roads<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimize number and size of roads<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Locate roads on well-drained soils, use drainage systems on roads over 10%<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintain trees and shrubs as base of road slope to filter and trap sediment <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abandoned Mines <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manage Runoff<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stabilize fine soil<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trap mobilized particles<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surface Mining Control Reclamation Act<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assisting Agencies and Contacts<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DWQ<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NRCS Conservation Districts<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">USDA Agriculture and Foods<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Universities and Extension<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.utahcleanwater.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.utahcleanwater.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><!-- Economic Considerations --><br \/>\n<div class=\"omsc-toggle\"><div class=\"omsc-toggle-title\">Economic Considerations<\/div><div class=\"omsc-toggle-inner\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2011, fishing Utah\u2019s lakes, streams, and rivers brought in $259 million. This includes the cost of equipment and multipliers like lodging, retail purchases, and dining in restaurants. Fishing relies on good water quality and hydrology.<a href=\"#ref\">[11]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A 2012 study of outdoor recreation found that $1.2 billion was spent for water related activities in Utah.<a href=\"#ref\">[12]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is much more cost effective to protect the water at its source and prevent contamination than to treat it in a wastewater treatment plant. \u201cNationwide, every $1 spent on source water protection saves an average of $27 in wastewater treatment costs.\u201d<a href=\"#ref\">[13]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare60, a center established by four water conservancy districts in Utah, published a 2014 report illustrating that $17.9 billion spent on water infrastructure maintenance alone enables $5.4 trillion in on-going economic activity. An investment in water resources of $15 billion would create 930,000 new jobs, $93 billion in incremental economic output, and $71 billion in additional personal income. <a href=\"#ref\">[14]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><!-- Impact Considerations --><br \/>\n<div class=\"omsc-toggle\"><div class=\"omsc-toggle-title\">Impact Considerations<\/div><div class=\"omsc-toggle-inner\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water is critical for the development of communities and life in general. However, the amount of water available at a specific area may be limited and changes depending on climate conditions and seasonality. Furthermore, human related factors can seriously affect water quality. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Utah Division of Water Resources projects that statewide demand for water will outstrip the currently developed water supply in about 25 years. This will require a strategy that may include conservation efforts, developing local water supplies, and the major development of new sources of supply.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water use data is required by the state every five years; however, to improve local government&#8217;s\u2019 ability to forecast water needs, a 2015 audit recommended that the state collect water use data annually. <a href=\"#ref\">[15]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When deciding how water should be used, it is important to know the returns from different water uses. Generally, water that is used for municipal and industrial purposes yields a higher economic value than water used for agricultural purposes. \u201cThis would suggests that increases in water production from watersheds serving urban areas are likely to have relatively high returns, while water increases used for irrigation use will have relatively low returns.\u201d <a href=\"#ref\">[16]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers\u2019 report gave Utah\u2019s Drinking Water and Supply a \u201cC\u201d and its Wastewater and Stormwater a \u201cC+\u201d. \u00a0The report recommended that old underground water and sewer pipes be scheduled for replacement. Their useful life is only 50 to 70 years. Waiting until the pipes fail is a more expensive and environmentally costly option. Public health should be the biggest consideration. <a href=\"#ref\">[17]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><!-- Data Table --><br \/>\n<div class=\"omsc-toggle\"><div class=\"omsc-toggle-title\">Data Download<\/div><div class=\"omsc-toggle-inner\">\n<div class=\"download-icons\">\u00a0<span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span> GIS Data <span class=\"wp-svg-target target\"><\/span> Map Service <span class=\"wp-svg-screen screen\"><\/span> Web Map <span class=\"wp-svg-file file\"><\/span> Document\u00a0<span class=\"wp-svg-table table\"><\/span> Tabular Data\u00a0<span class=\"wp-svg-globe globe\"><\/span> Website<\/div>\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-40\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-40\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Data Name<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Data Explanation<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Publication Date<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">Spatial Accuracy<\/th><th class=\"column-5\">Contact<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">PRISM Climate Group<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.prism.oregonstate.edu\/explorer\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-globe globe\"><\/span><\/a> <\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Database for precipitation and temperature. Useful in determining which precipitation zone an area is located in.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Variable<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4-km grid resolution<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.prism.oregonstate.edu\/explorer\/\" target=\"_blank\">Prism Climate Group<\/a> <br \/>\nOregon State University<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Water Quality Assessment Units<br \/>\n <a href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.agrc.utah.gov\/UtahSGID_Vector\/UTM12_NAD83\/ENVIRONMENT\/UnpackagedData\/DWQAssessmentUnits\/_Statewide\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">DWQ assessment units. Data contains assigned beneficial use categories<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">2010<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1:24,000<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Stream Monitored Sites<br \/>\n <a href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.agrc.utah.gov\/UtahSGID_Vector\/UTM12_NAD83\/ENVIRONMENT\/UnpackagedData\/StreamMonitorSites\/_Statewide\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Point file representing DWQ stream monitoring locations<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">2007<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1:24,000<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Monitored Lakes<br \/>\n <a href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.agrc.utah.gov\/UtahSGID_Vector\/UTM12_NAD83\/ENVIRONMENT\/UnpackagedData\/DWQMonitoredLakes132\/_Statewide\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Point file representing lakes monitored by DWQ for water quality<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">2010<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1:24,000<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Stream Gauges<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/water.usgs.gov\/GIS\/dsdl\/gagesII_9322_point_shapefile.zip\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span><\/a> , <a href=\"http:\/\/services.nationalmap.gov\/arcgis\/rest\/services\/SGE\/StreamGages_Linked_to_NHDPlus_2_1\/MapServer\/0\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-target target\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Stream Gage Locations<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">9\/30\/2011<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/nhd.usgs.gov\/data.html\" target=\"_blank\">United States Geological Survey<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Surface Water Protection Zones (Protected Data, Contact DEQ using webmap below to access). <br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/enviro.deq.utah.gov\/\" target=\" _blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-screen screen\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Administrative protective zones placed around culinary water sources to protect groundwater quality.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Drinking Water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">NPDES<br \/>\n <a href=\"http:\/\/enviro.deq.utah.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Regulated discharge locations <\/td><td class=\"column-3\">2015<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Drinking Water Source Protection Zones (Protected Data, Contact DEQ using webmap below to access). <br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/enviro.deq.utah.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-screen screen\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Administrative protective zones placed around culinary water wells to protect groundwater quality.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Drinking Water <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Groundwater Discharge<br \/>\n <a href=\"http:\/\/enviro.deq.utah.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Permitted groundwater discharges<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">2015<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) <br \/>\n<a href=\"ftp:\/\/nhdftp.usgs.gov\/DataSets\/Staged\/States\/FileGDB\/HighResolution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span><\/a> , <a href=\"http:\/\/gis.wfrc.org\/arcgis\/rest\/services\/CRMP\/Agriculture_Service\/MapServer\/WaterQualityAndHydrology_Service\/MapServer\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-target target\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Watershed Boundary (a.k.a Hydrologic Unit)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">10\/23\/2015<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1:24,000<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/nhd.usgs.gov\/data.html\" target=\"_blank\">United States Geological Survey<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Aquifer Recharge<br \/>\n<a href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.agrc.utah.gov\/UtahSGID_Vector\/UTM12_NAD83\/GEOSCIENCE\/UnpackagedData\/Aquifer_RechargeDischargeAreas\/_Statewide\/Aquifer_RechargeDischargeAreas_gdb.zip\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span><\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Groundwater recharge and discharge areas<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">August 2011<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Drinking Water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Snowtel Sites<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/services.arcgis.com\/ZzrwjTRez6FJiOq4\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/Snotel_Sites\/FeatureServer\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-target target\"><\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Recent and historic precipitation records<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Unknown<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">USDS NRCS National Water and Climate Center<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">USGS National Hydrography Dataset (NHD)<br \/>\n<a href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.agrc.utah.gov\/UtahSGID_Vector\/UTM12_NAD83\/WATER\/PackagedData\/_Statewide\/LakesRiversSprings\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span> (AGRC)<\/a> , <a href=\"ftp:\/\/nhdftp.usgs.gov\/DataSets\/Staged\/States\/FileGDB\/HighResolution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-stack stack\"><\/span> (USGS)<\/a> , <a href=\"http:\/\/services.nationalmap.gov\/arcgis\/rest\/services\/nhd\/MapServer\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"wp-svg-screen screen\"><\/span> (USGS)<\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lakes, Rivers, Streams, &amp; Springs<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">AGRC download 1\/18\/2013;<br \/>\nUSGS download 10\/15\/2015;<br \/>\nNational Map Service Live Data;<br \/>\n<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1:24,000<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/nhd.usgs.gov\/data.html\" target=\"_blank\">United States Geological Survey<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-40 from cache -->\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- References --><\/p>\n<h3>References<\/h3>\n<div id=\"ref\"><\/div>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Western Regional Climate Center. 2002. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wrcc.dri.edu\/narratives\/UTAH.htm\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climate of Utah<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Accessed 2\/6\/16.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 2015. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wildlife.utah.gov\/wap\/wap2015draft.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Wildlife Action Plan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Draft Version 6-4-2015.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah Division of Forestry Fire and State Lands. 2014. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/forestry.utah.gov\/images\/statelands\/greatsaltlake\/2010Plan\/OnlineGSL-CMPandROD-March2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GSL Comprehensive Management Plan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Utah Division of Water Quality. 2014. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.deq.utah.gov\/ProgramsServices\/programs\/water\/wqmanagement\/assessment\/docs\/2014\/10Oct\/Chapter2AssessmentMethodsv2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrated Report: Assessment Methods<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Utah Division of Water Quality. 2014. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.deq.utah.gov\/ProgramsServices\/programs\/water\/nps\/docs\/2012\/02Feb\/Abandoned_Mine_NPS_Feb272012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nonpoint Source Management Plan for Abandoned Mines in Utah<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wasatch Front Regional Council. 2012. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/Green_Infrastructure\/(Re)Connect%20The%20Wasatch%20Front%20Green%20Infrastructure%20Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Re)Connect: The Wasatch Front Green Infrastructure Plan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Utah Division of Water Quality. 2013. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.deq.utah.gov\/ProgramsServices\/programs\/water\/nps\/mgmtplan2013\/docs\/2014\/06Jun\/2013_Utah_Statewide_NPS_Management_Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Statewide Nonpoint Source Pollution Management Plan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jordan River Commission. 2013. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/jordanrivercommission.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BP-high-res-for-web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best Practices for Riverfront Communities.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salt Lake County. 2014. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/slco.org\/pweng\/stormwater\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stormwater Best Management Practices<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Johnson, C. and S. Buffler. 2008. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/rm\/pubs\/rmrs_gtr203.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Riparian Buffer Design Guidelines For Water Quality And Wildlife Habitat Functions On Agricultural Landscapes In The Intermountain West<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. January.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kim, M. and P.M. Jakus. 2013. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/csee.usu.edu\/files\/uploads\/CSEE_RR_4_Kim_and_Jakus_Feb_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Economic Contribution and Benefits of Utah\u2019s Blue Ribbon Fisheries<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Utah State University, Center for Society, Economy, and the Environment Research Report #4, Feb. 27.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Southwick Associates. 2013. \u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/outdoorindustry.org\/images\/ore_reports\/oia-state-recreation-economy-technical-report-2013.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Economic Contributions of Outdoor Recreation: Technical Report on Methods and Findings<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality. 2013. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.deq.utah.gov\/FactSheets\/docs\/handouts\/nutrients.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fact Sheet: Nutrient Pollution in Utah<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aguero, J. 2014. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/prepare60.com\/Content\/EconomicsWater.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah\u2019s Water Dependent Economy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A Prepare60 Report.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State of Utah, Office of the Legislative Auditor General. 2015. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/le.utah.gov\/audit\/15_01rpt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Performance Audit of Projections of Utah&#8217;s Water Needs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Report to the Utah Legislature, Number 2015.01. May. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mohammed and Tarboton. 2008. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/publiclands.utah.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/Watershed_Study_9_4_08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Watershed Management and Water Production Study for State of Utah<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: A Report for the Utah Governor\u2019s Public Lands Office. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Society of Civil Engineers. 2015. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.infrastructurereportcard.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/2015-UTAH-REPORT-CARD-2.24.15-FINAL-sized.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Report Card for Utah\u2019s Infrastructure<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Water quality and hydrology are two distinct but inherently related components of water. Hydrology characterizes the timing (when water is available), distribution, and flow of water across the human and natural landscape. Water quality describes the condition (physical, chemical, and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/water-quality-hydrology\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"resources_page.php","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-136","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":221,"href":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136\/revisions\/221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wfrc.org\/new_wfrc\/crmp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}